PERMASALAHAN DAN POLA DALAM PERKEMBANGAN STRUKTUR DASAR SELAMA EMBRIOGENESIS TUMBUHAN

Abstract

Embryogenesis in plants represents the developmental process that establishes the body plan and fundamental tissue organization from a single fertilized cell, the zygote. This process involves a series of tightly regulated events that include asymmetric cell division, genetic signaling, hormonal regulation, and tissue differentiation leading to the establishment of the root, shoot, and vascular systems. Recent advances in molecular biology and microscopy have provided new insights into how spatial and temporal gene expression contributes to early pattern formation. This literature study aims to examine the patterns and current problems in the development of basic structural organization during plant embryogenesis. Based on the review of recent studies, it is evident that genes such as WOX, YODA, GNOM, and MONOPTEROS play essential roles in cell fate determination and polarity establishment, while the phytohormone auxin acts as a central morphogen controlling the formation of the embryonic axis. Furthermore, epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modification, has been shown to influence embryogenic competence in various plant species. Current challenges include limited visualization of the earliest zygotic stages, species-specific variations in developmental patterns, and the difficulty of elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying somatic embryogenesis. This review contributes to understanding the fundamental molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant development and provides valuable insights for biotechnological applications such as somatic embryo induction, genetic transformation, and large-scale plant regeneration systems.