PANAX GINSENG AS A CANDIDATE FOR IMPROVING COGNITIVE FUNCTION : A SYNTHESIS OF PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE

Abstract

Background: Cognitive function encompasses memory, attention, information processing speed, and executive function, which play a crucial role in learning, work, and quality of life. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer contains ginsenosides and other bioactive components that have been extensively studied for their potential to support neural function through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, neurotransmitter modulation, and enhanced synaptic plasticity. Objective: This article aims to synthesize preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the potential of Panax ginseng as a candidate for enhancing cognitive function and to assess the appropriateness of the study populations, the strength of the evidence, and the main limitations of the analyzed articles. A narrative literature review was conducted through searches of PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Keywords used included “Panax ginseng,” “Korean red ginseng,” “ginsenoside,” “cognitive function,” “memory,” “attention,” “executive function,” “neuroprotection,” “subjective memory impairment,” “mild cognitive impairment,” “Alzheimer’s disease,” and “adolescent.” Priority was given to publications from 2019 to 2025, with limited exceptions for highly relevant clinical studies, particularly those involving adolescent populations or controlled clinical trial designs. Articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted regarding authors, year, design, population, intervention, duration, outcomes, primary results, strength of evidence, and limitations. Results: Clinical evidence suggests that some Panax ginseng preparations may improve indicators of memory, general cognitive function, stress, and cognitive task performance in adults or individuals with mild memory impairment. Evidence in adolescents remains limited and primarily stems from a single small clinical trial. Mechanistic studies support the potential of ginsenosides through reduction of oxidative stress, inhibition of inflammation, protection against apoptosis, enhancement of synaptic plasticity, and influence of gut microbiota metabolism on ginsenoside bioavailability. Conclusion: Panax ginseng has the potential as a nutraceutical candidate for supporting cognitive function, but claims of benefits must be tailored to the specific populations studied. The strongest evidence currently comes primarily from adult and elderly populations or subjects with memory impairment, whereas direct evidence in adolescents remains insufficient.