Snowball Throwing: The Critical Thinking and Self-Efficacy Revolution

Eko Okta Jumari

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Abstract

The ability to think critically and self-efficacy are essential skills for students in the modern era. However, effective learning methods to improve these two skills remain underexplored. This research evaluates the effectiveness of the snowball-throwing method in improving the critical thinking skills and self-efficacy of vocational school students. This research involved class X students in one of the Bandung City Vocational Schools as samples. The method in this research uses the Embedded mixed method which is collected through test questions, observations, questionnaires, and interviews. The research results showed that Snowball Throwing significantly improved critical thinking skills, as seen from increased student analysis, evaluation, and synthesis. Apart from that, students' self-efficacy also increases, marked by increased self-confidence in completing assignments and facing challenges. This conclusion indicates that Snowball Throwing is an effective learning method for improving critical thinking skills and self-efficacy in vocational schools.

Keywords

Critical Thinking Active Learning Educational Revolution Self-Efficacy Snowball Throwing

How to Cite

Jumari, E. O. (2024). Snowball Throwing: The Critical Thinking and Self-Efficacy Revolution. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 14(2), 95–111. Retrieved from https://www.journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/pjme/article/view/16551

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References

Aliah, H., Jusriati, J., & Anil, A. (2023). Snowball Throwing Learning Model on Learning Activeness of Students in English Language Subjects in Class VII C SMP Negeri 5 Palopo. IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 11(1), 908-914. https://doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v11i1.3812
Askar, R., Rizal, M., & Hamid, A. (2016). Mathematics Problem Solving Profile of Grade VII Middle School Students on Flat Figure Material Viewed from the Level of Self-Efficacy. Tadulako Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 4(2), 314–326.
Badwi, G. N. (2019). The Effect of Implementing the Snowball Throwing Learning Model on Students' Mathematical Disposition. Pediatrics, 1(3). Retrieved from https://www.syekhnurjati.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/pmat/article/view/5874/2857
Bandura, A., & Wessels, S. (1997). Self-Efficacy (pp. 4-6). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bartimote, A. K., Bridgeman, A., Walker, R., Sharma, M., & Smith, L. (2016). The Study, Evaluation, and Improvement of University Student Self-Efficacy. Studies in Higher Education, 41(10), 1918-1942. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.999319
Bukit, S., Ariastika, D., Noviati, Y., & Lubis, Y. (2023). Snowball Throwing Learning Model in Growing Questioning Skills of Elementary School Students: A Review. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 2(4), 343-351. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v2i4.145
Capar, G., & Tarim, K. (2015). The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Methods on Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis Research. Kuram Ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 15(2), 553-559. https://doi.org/10.12738/ESTP.2015.2.2098
Chasanah, A. N. (2019). Cognitive Growth Learning Model to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Skills. JRAMathEdu (Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education, 4(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.23917/jramathedu.v4i2.8127
Cheng, Y. (2020). Academic Self-Efficacy and Assessment. Educational Psychology, 40(4), 389-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1755501
Devika, R., & Soumya, P. R. (2016). Critical Thinking Ability of Higher Secondary School Students. Journal on School Educational Technology, 12(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.26634/jsch.12.1.8082
Deslauriers, L., McCarty, L., Miller, K., Callaghan, K., & Kestin, G. (2019). Measuring Actual Learning versus the Feeling of Learning in Response to Being Actively Engaged in the Classroom. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(37), 19251-19257. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821936116
Domenech, B. F., Abellán-Roselló, L., & Gomez-Artiga, A. (2017). Self-Efficacy, Satisfaction, and Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Students' Expectancy-Value Beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01193
Firmansyah, E., Mubarika, M. P., & Maulida, K. D. A. (2020). Implementation of the Problem-Based Learning Model to Improve Communication Skills, Mathematical Connections, and Self-Efficacy of High School Students. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education, 10(2), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v10i2.2784
Govindarajan, S., & Goh, S. (2021). Effects of using cooperative learning (STAD) and conventional learning on student achievement and attitude in primary school. International Journal of Modern Education. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijmoe.311001
Hasanah, N., & Swondo, A. (2021). The effect of snowball throwing method on students' vocabulary mastery. MELT Journal (Medium for English Language Teaching), 5(2), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.22303/MELT.5.2.2020.175-185
He, Y., & Shen, X. (2022). Reflecting on basic mathematical ideas in mathematics education. Frontiers in Educational Research, 5(17), 48-51. https://doi.org/10.25236/fer.2022.051709
Hendriana, H., Rohaeti, E., & Sumarmo, U. (2017). Students' Mathematics Hard Skills and Soft Skills. PT Refika Aditama.
Husein, R. F. (2021). Differences in students' critical thinking ability and understanding of mathematical concepts using the snowball throwing cooperative learning model and the snowball drilling cooperative learning model on linear program material in Class XI of Kutacane 1 State High School (Doctoral dissertation, North Sumatra State Islamic University). Retrieved from http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/14269/
Hwang, S. (2021). The mediating effects of self-efficacy and classroom stress on professional development and student-centered instruction. International Journal of Instruction, 14(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.1411a
Indrawan, R., & Yaniawati, P. (2014). Research Methodologies: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed for Management, Development, and Education. PT Refika Aditama.
Jakobsen, M. (2020). Determining the need for explanation. Faith and Philosophy, 37, 230-241. https://doi.org/10.37977/faithphil.2020.37.2.6
Kusumaningrum, S., Setyawati, I., Sutopo, A., Ratih, K., Badri, T., & Tawandorloh, K. (2019). Snowball throwing: An English learning method to improve vocabulary mastery and psychomotor ability. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE), 2(10), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.23917/ijolae.v2i1.8973
Loviasari, P. A., & Mampouw, H. L. (2022). Profile of mathematical problem solving in set materials viewed from self-efficacy. Mosharafa: Journal of Mathematics Education, 11(1), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.31980/mosharafa.v11i1.688
Majdi, M. K., & Subali, B. (2018). Increasing high school students' scientific communication through the one day one question quantum learning model based on daily life science questions. UPEJ Unnes Physics Education Journal, 7(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.15294/upej.v7i1.22479
Manurung, N., Samosir, K., Hia, Y., Mariani, M., Togi, T., & Tambunan, H. (2019). Implementation of snowball throwing type of cooperative learning in calculus course. International Educational Studies, 12(3), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n3p124
Misbahudin, A. R. (2019). The relationship between self-efficacy and the mathematical critical thinking ability of vocational school students on arithmetic sequences and series material. Journal on Education, 1(2), 445-450. https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v1i2.86
Muhtadi, A., Assagaf, G., & Hukom, J. (2022). Self-efficacy and students' mathematics learning ability in Indonesia: A meta-analysis study. International Journal of Instruction, 15(3), 1131-1146. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15360a
Munawaroh, A. (2016). Improving critical thinking in mathematics through a cooperative model of the talking chips setting snowball throwing type. EQUIVALENTS: Mathematics Education, 19(1).
Nurazizah, S., & Nurjaman, A. (2018). Analysis of the relationship between self-efficacy and students' mathematical problem-solving abilities in terms of learning motivation. Indonesian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 1(2), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.25077/ijli.1.2.69-77.2023
Nurdina, T., Yaniawati, P., & Al-Tamar, J. (2024). Blended learning in improving students' mathematical critical thinking and mathematical communication abilitie. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 14(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v14i1.9759
Nurdin, A. R., Sappaile, B. H., & R. S. (2022). Mathematical critical thinking ability in solving mathematical problems. ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum795
Ofridaningsih, O., Sumartono, S., & Anang, H. (2023). The effectiveness of the snowball throwing cooperative learning model on students' mathematics learning outcomes. Journal of Educational Technology and Innovation, 6(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.31537/jeti.v6i1.1102
Oktaviana, R. (2017). Effectiveness of using the snowball throwing model in improving mathematical critical thinking abilities in Medan 3 State High School students (Doctoral dissertation). University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. http://repository.umsu.ac.id/handle/123456789/12885
Pajares, F. (2006). Self-efficacy beliefs and mathematical problem-solving of gifted students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 31(3), 236–252.
Prayekti, N., Nusantara, T., Sudirman, S., & Susanto, H. (2020). Eighth-graders’ mental models in solving a number pattern problem. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 8(3), 973–989. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.12.83
Prihandoko, L. A., & Nurkamto, J. (2022). Student profiles in the perspectives of academic writing growth mindsets, self-efficacy, and metacognition. International Journal of Instruction, 15(3), 117–136. http://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.1537a
Pruthi, D., Dhingra, B., Soares, L., Collins, M., Lipton, Z., Neubig, G., & Cohen, W. (2020). Evaluating explanations: How much do explanations from the teacher aid students? Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 10, 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00465
Puspaningtyas, N. D., Dewi, P. S., & Maskar, S. (2021). Application of group tutoring methods to improve self-efficacy and mathematics learning outcomes. AKSIOMA: Journal of the Mathematics Education Study Program, 10(4), 2330–2341. http://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v10i4.4144
Rahmi, R., Febriana, R., & Putri, G. E. (2020). The influence of self-efficacy on students' understanding of mathematical concepts in discovery learning model learning. Edumatica: Journal of Mathematics Education, 10(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.22437/edumatica.v10i01.8733
Reflina. (2018). The relationship between problem-based learning and self-efficacy abilities of middle school students. Axiom, 7(1), 46–56. http://doi.org/10.30821/axiom.v7i1.1770
Romadhoni, M., Andania, R., & Yen, A. (2022). Students' critical thinking on argumentative essay writing through cooperative learning. Education and Human Development Journal, 7(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.33086/ehdj.v7i2.2941
Satiawy, M. (2023). Improving learning outcomes on opportunity material by using the snowball throwing learning model for class VIII students at SMP Negeri 1 Tiakur. Sora Journal of Mathematics Education, 3(2), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.30598/sora.3.2.58-64
Schunk, D. H. (2003). Self-efficacy for reading and writing: Influence of goal setting. Journal of Literacy Research, 35(1), 77–103.
Siahaan, I. H., & Lubis, A. (2019). Differences in students' critical thinking abilities through cooperative learning models of snowball throwing and snowball drilling types in class VIII SPLDV material at SMP Negeri 6 Medan. INSPIRING: Journal of Mathematics Education, 5(3).
Sopari, Y. W., Daniarsa, Y., & Ulfatushiyam, N. (2022). Guided inquiry learning to improve critical thinking ability, mathematical communication, and mathematical self-efficacy. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education, 12(1), 60–75. https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v12i1.5278
Susanti, E. (2017). Application of the probing-prompting learning model to improve the mathematical critical thinking skills of class XI students. Rafflesia Journal of Mathematics Education, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.33369/jpmr.v2i1.3105
Syahrina, I., & Wahyuni, A. (2016). Critical thinking ability through the snowball throwing model on physics material learning outcomes in class XI students of SMAN 1 Montasik Aceh Besar 2015/2016 academic year. Physics Education Student Scientific Journal, 1(4), 256–260. https://jim.usk.ac.id/pendidikan-physics/article/view/1310/676
Tresnawati, T., Hidayat, W., & Rohaeti, E. E. (2017). Mathematical critical thinking ability and self-confidence in high school students. Symmetry: Pasundan Journal of Research in Mathematics Learning and Education, 2(2), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.23969/symmetry.v2i2.616
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References

Aliah, H., Jusriati, J., & Anil, A. (2023). Snowball Throwing Learning Model on Learning Activeness of Students in English Language Subjects in Class VII C SMP Negeri 5 Palopo. IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 11(1), 908-914. https://doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v11i1.3812

Askar, R., Rizal, M., & Hamid, A. (2016). Mathematics Problem Solving Profile of Grade VII Middle School Students on Flat Figure Material Viewed from the Level of Self-Efficacy. Tadulako Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 4(2), 314–326.

Badwi, G. N. (2019). The Effect of Implementing the Snowball Throwing Learning Model on Students' Mathematical Disposition. Pediatrics, 1(3). Retrieved from https://www.syekhnurjati.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/pmat/article/view/5874/2857

Bandura, A., & Wessels, S. (1997). Self-Efficacy (pp. 4-6). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bartimote, A. K., Bridgeman, A., Walker, R., Sharma, M., & Smith, L. (2016). The Study, Evaluation, and Improvement of University Student Self-Efficacy. Studies in Higher Education, 41(10), 1918-1942. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.999319

Bukit, S., Ariastika, D., Noviati, Y., & Lubis, Y. (2023). Snowball Throwing Learning Model in Growing Questioning Skills of Elementary School Students: A Review. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 2(4), 343-351. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v2i4.145

Capar, G., & Tarim, K. (2015). The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Methods on Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis Research. Kuram Ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 15(2), 553-559. https://doi.org/10.12738/ESTP.2015.2.2098

Chasanah, A. N. (2019). Cognitive Growth Learning Model to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Skills. JRAMathEdu (Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education, 4(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.23917/jramathedu.v4i2.8127

Cheng, Y. (2020). Academic Self-Efficacy and Assessment. Educational Psychology, 40(4), 389-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1755501

Devika, R., & Soumya, P. R. (2016). Critical Thinking Ability of Higher Secondary School Students. Journal on School Educational Technology, 12(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.26634/jsch.12.1.8082

Deslauriers, L., McCarty, L., Miller, K., Callaghan, K., & Kestin, G. (2019). Measuring Actual Learning versus the Feeling of Learning in Response to Being Actively Engaged in the Classroom. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(37), 19251-19257. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821936116

Domenech, B. F., Abellán-Roselló, L., & Gomez-Artiga, A. (2017). Self-Efficacy, Satisfaction, and Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Students' Expectancy-Value Beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01193

Firmansyah, E., Mubarika, M. P., & Maulida, K. D. A. (2020). Implementation of the Problem-Based Learning Model to Improve Communication Skills, Mathematical Connections, and Self-Efficacy of High School Students. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education, 10(2), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v10i2.2784

Govindarajan, S., & Goh, S. (2021). Effects of using cooperative learning (STAD) and conventional learning on student achievement and attitude in primary school. International Journal of Modern Education. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijmoe.311001

Hasanah, N., & Swondo, A. (2021). The effect of snowball throwing method on students' vocabulary mastery. MELT Journal (Medium for English Language Teaching), 5(2), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.22303/MELT.5.2.2020.175-185

He, Y., & Shen, X. (2022). Reflecting on basic mathematical ideas in mathematics education. Frontiers in Educational Research, 5(17), 48-51. https://doi.org/10.25236/fer.2022.051709

Hendriana, H., Rohaeti, E., & Sumarmo, U. (2017). Students' Mathematics Hard Skills and Soft Skills. PT Refika Aditama.

Husein, R. F. (2021). Differences in students' critical thinking ability and understanding of mathematical concepts using the snowball throwing cooperative learning model and the snowball drilling cooperative learning model on linear program material in Class XI of Kutacane 1 State High School (Doctoral dissertation, North Sumatra State Islamic University). Retrieved from http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/14269/

Hwang, S. (2021). The mediating effects of self-efficacy and classroom stress on professional development and student-centered instruction. International Journal of Instruction, 14(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.1411a

Indrawan, R., & Yaniawati, P. (2014). Research Methodologies: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed for Management, Development, and Education. PT Refika Aditama.

Jakobsen, M. (2020). Determining the need for explanation. Faith and Philosophy, 37, 230-241. https://doi.org/10.37977/faithphil.2020.37.2.6

Kusumaningrum, S., Setyawati, I., Sutopo, A., Ratih, K., Badri, T., & Tawandorloh, K. (2019). Snowball throwing: An English learning method to improve vocabulary mastery and psychomotor ability. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE), 2(10), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.23917/ijolae.v2i1.8973

Loviasari, P. A., & Mampouw, H. L. (2022). Profile of mathematical problem solving in set materials viewed from self-efficacy. Mosharafa: Journal of Mathematics Education, 11(1), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.31980/mosharafa.v11i1.688

Majdi, M. K., & Subali, B. (2018). Increasing high school students' scientific communication through the one day one question quantum learning model based on daily life science questions. UPEJ Unnes Physics Education Journal, 7(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.15294/upej.v7i1.22479

Manurung, N., Samosir, K., Hia, Y., Mariani, M., Togi, T., & Tambunan, H. (2019). Implementation of snowball throwing type of cooperative learning in calculus course. International Educational Studies, 12(3), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n3p124

Misbahudin, A. R. (2019). The relationship between self-efficacy and the mathematical critical thinking ability of vocational school students on arithmetic sequences and series material. Journal on Education, 1(2), 445-450. https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v1i2.86

Muhtadi, A., Assagaf, G., & Hukom, J. (2022). Self-efficacy and students' mathematics learning ability in Indonesia: A meta-analysis study. International Journal of Instruction, 15(3), 1131-1146. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15360a

Munawaroh, A. (2016). Improving critical thinking in mathematics through a cooperative model of the talking chips setting snowball throwing type. EQUIVALENTS: Mathematics Education, 19(1).

Nurazizah, S., & Nurjaman, A. (2018). Analysis of the relationship between self-efficacy and students' mathematical problem-solving abilities in terms of learning motivation. Indonesian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 1(2), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.25077/ijli.1.2.69-77.2023

Nurdina, T., Yaniawati, P., & Al-Tamar, J. (2024). Blended learning in improving students' mathematical critical thinking and mathematical communication abilitie. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 14(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v14i1.9759

Nurdin, A. R., Sappaile, B. H., & R. S. (2022). Mathematical critical thinking ability in solving mathematical problems. ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum795

Ofridaningsih, O., Sumartono, S., & Anang, H. (2023). The effectiveness of the snowball throwing cooperative learning model on students' mathematics learning outcomes. Journal of Educational Technology and Innovation, 6(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.31537/jeti.v6i1.1102

Oktaviana, R. (2017). Effectiveness of using the snowball throwing model in improving mathematical critical thinking abilities in Medan 3 State High School students (Doctoral dissertation). University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. http://repository.umsu.ac.id/handle/123456789/12885

Pajares, F. (2006). Self-efficacy beliefs and mathematical problem-solving of gifted students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 31(3), 236–252.

Prayekti, N., Nusantara, T., Sudirman, S., & Susanto, H. (2020). Eighth-graders’ mental models in solving a number pattern problem. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 8(3), 973–989. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.12.83

Prihandoko, L. A., & Nurkamto, J. (2022). Student profiles in the perspectives of academic writing growth mindsets, self-efficacy, and metacognition. International Journal of Instruction, 15(3), 117–136. http://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.1537a

Pruthi, D., Dhingra, B., Soares, L., Collins, M., Lipton, Z., Neubig, G., & Cohen, W. (2020). Evaluating explanations: How much do explanations from the teacher aid students? Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 10, 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00465

Puspaningtyas, N. D., Dewi, P. S., & Maskar, S. (2021). Application of group tutoring methods to improve self-efficacy and mathematics learning outcomes. AKSIOMA: Journal of the Mathematics Education Study Program, 10(4), 2330–2341. http://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v10i4.4144

Rahmi, R., Febriana, R., & Putri, G. E. (2020). The influence of self-efficacy on students' understanding of mathematical concepts in discovery learning model learning. Edumatica: Journal of Mathematics Education, 10(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.22437/edumatica.v10i01.8733

Reflina. (2018). The relationship between problem-based learning and self-efficacy abilities of middle school students. Axiom, 7(1), 46–56. http://doi.org/10.30821/axiom.v7i1.1770

Romadhoni, M., Andania, R., & Yen, A. (2022). Students' critical thinking on argumentative essay writing through cooperative learning. Education and Human Development Journal, 7(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.33086/ehdj.v7i2.2941

Satiawy, M. (2023). Improving learning outcomes on opportunity material by using the snowball throwing learning model for class VIII students at SMP Negeri 1 Tiakur. Sora Journal of Mathematics Education, 3(2), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.30598/sora.3.2.58-64

Schunk, D. H. (2003). Self-efficacy for reading and writing: Influence of goal setting. Journal of Literacy Research, 35(1), 77–103.

Siahaan, I. H., & Lubis, A. (2019). Differences in students' critical thinking abilities through cooperative learning models of snowball throwing and snowball drilling types in class VIII SPLDV material at SMP Negeri 6 Medan. INSPIRING: Journal of Mathematics Education, 5(3).

Sopari, Y. W., Daniarsa, Y., & Ulfatushiyam, N. (2022). Guided inquiry learning to improve critical thinking ability, mathematical communication, and mathematical self-efficacy. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education, 12(1), 60–75. https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v12i1.5278

Susanti, E. (2017). Application of the probing-prompting learning model to improve the mathematical critical thinking skills of class XI students. Rafflesia Journal of Mathematics Education, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.33369/jpmr.v2i1.3105

Syahrina, I., & Wahyuni, A. (2016). Critical thinking ability through the snowball throwing model on physics material learning outcomes in class XI students of SMAN 1 Montasik Aceh Besar 2015/2016 academic year. Physics Education Student Scientific Journal, 1(4), 256–260. https://jim.usk.ac.id/pendidikan-physics/article/view/1310/676

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Snowball Throwing: The Critical Thinking and Self-Efficacy Revolution

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