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Self-directed learning (SDL) is a crucial factor that can significantly improve students’ math problem-solving abilities (MPSA), particularly in 21st-century education, which emphasizes independence and critical thinking. This study aims to compare the math problem-solving abilities of junior high school students based on their self-directed learning categories. The research used a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design. It began with a quantitative phase, analyzing 82 eighth-grade students from one of the public junior high schools in West Bandung Regency through a problem-solving test and an SDL questionnaire. This was followed by a qualitative phase involving semi-structured interviews with three selected participants. The statistical results from the Welch test and Games-Howell post hoc analysis showed significant differences in math problem-solving abilities among students with high, moderate, and low SDL categories. The qualitative findings supported these results, indicating that students with high SDL were better at understanding problems, developing strategies, and reflecting independently on solutions. In contrast, students with low SDL displayed limitations in these areas. This study highlights the importance of adopting learning approaches that foster SDL in math education to enhance students’ problem-solving skills comprehensively. It also provides a theoretical contribution toward developing more adaptive, student-centered math learning strategies tailored to individual needs in 21st-century education.
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Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Divia Raina Rami, Amma Achiaa

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Referensi
- Amaliyah, F., Sukestiyarno, Y. L., & Asikin, M. (2020). Mathematical problem-solving ability in self-directed learning with a module from students’ self-regulated learning. Unnes Journal of Mathematics Education Research, 10, 181-188. Retrieved from https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/ujmer/article/view/43086
- Bhandari, B., Chopra, D., & Singh, K. (2020). Self-directed learning: assessment of students' abilities and their perspective.. Advances in physiology education, 44(3), 383–386. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00010.2020.
- Bishara, S. (2021). The cultivation of self-directed learning in teaching mathematics. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 13(1), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v13i1.5401
- Chee, T. S., Divaharan, S., Tan, L., & Mun, C. H. (2011). Self-directed learning AltICT: Theory, practice and assessment. Ministry of Education.
- Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
- Cui, J., Wang, S., Lv, L., Ran, X., Cui, Z., & Zhou, X. (2023). Different cognitive mechanisms used for solving open and closed math problems. International Journal of Psychology, 58(6), 584–593. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12934
- Fuadi, D. N. (2015). Peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik berdasarkan kecerdasan emosional siswa melalui pembelajaran berbasis masalah. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v5i1.2517
- Gibbons, M. (2002). The self-directed learning handbook: Challenging adolescent students to excel. Jossey-Bass.
- Hafidz, A. A., Kusumaningsih, W., & Aini, A. N. (2019). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika ditinjau dari motivasi belajar siswa berdasarkan gender. Imajiner: Jurnal Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika, 1(6), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.26877/imajiner.v1i6.4867
- Hofmeyer, S. J. (2016). The relationship between problem solving and self-directed learning in Grade 7 mathematics classrooms (Doctoral dissertation, North West University).
- Imaroh, A., Umah, U., & Asriningsih, T. M. (2021). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika ditinjau dari self-efficacy siswa pada materi sistem persamaan linear tiga variabel. JPMI (Jurnal Pembelajaran Matematika Inovatif), 4(4), 843-856. https://doi.org/10.22460/jpmi.v4i4.p%25p
- Indriana, L., & Maryati, I. (2021). Kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa SMP pada materi segiempat dan segitiga di Kampung Sukagalih. Plusminus: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 1(3), 541-552. https://doi.org/10.31980/plusminus.v1i3.962
- Kania, E. S., Yaniawati, P., Firmansyah, E., & Indrawan, R. (2020). Peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa melalui pendekatan pembelajaran berbasis masalah dengan GeoGebra. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 10(2), 65-81. Retrieved from https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/pjme/article/view/3151
- Lee, D., & Chang, C. (2024). Evaluating self-directed learning competencies in digital learning environments: A meta-analysis. Educ Inf Technol, 30, 6847–6868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13083-2.
- Li, H., Majumdar, R., Chen, M., Yang, Y., & Ogata, H. (2021). Analysis of self-directed learning ability, reading outcomes, and personalized planning behavior for self-directed extensive reading. Interactive Learning Environments, 31, 3613 - 3632. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1937660.
- Loeng, S. (2020). Self-directed learning: A core concept in adult education. Education Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3816132
- Lubis, F. A., Azizah, N., Ardiani, V., & Zahari, C. L. (2023). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis pada materi sistem persamaan linier dua variabel (SPLDV) Ditinjau dari self directed learning. Jurnal Dirosah Islamiyah, 5(2), 411-419. https://doi.org/10.47467/jdi.v5i2.2974
- Manaud, J. P., & Aggabao, A. H. G. (2024). Self-directed learning approach in mathematics. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 45(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2024.45.1.06
- Mayasari, M., & Rosyana, T. (2019). Pengaruh kemandirian belajar terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa SMP Kota Bandung. Jurnal Cendekia: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 3(1), 82-89. https://doi.org/10.31004/cendekia.v3i1.66
- Millah, S. N. (2021). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa pada materi segitiga ditinjau dari self-directed learning. INSPIRAMATIKA, 7(2), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.33387/jpgm.v2i3.5144
- Morris, T. H. (2019). Self-directed learning: A fundamental competence in a rapidly changing world. International Review of Education, 65(4), 633–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-019-09793-2
- Morris, T., Koutsouris, G., Stentiford, L., & Bremner, N. (2025). Self‐directed learning - a framework for inclusion ‘In’ and ‘Through’ Education - A systematic review. Review of Education, 13 (1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.70028
- Muhammad, M., Purwanto, J., & Abida, R. (2021). Potential solving mathematical problem students focused on self-directed learning in COVID-19 pandemic. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1778, No. 1, p. 012035). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1778/1/012035
- Nur, A. S., & Palobo, M. (2018). Profil kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa ditinjau dari perbedaan gaya kognitif dan gender. Kreano, Jurnal Matematika Kreatif-Inovatif, 9(2), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.15294/kreano.v9i2.15067
- Prabawanto, S. (2013). Meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah, kreatifitas matematis dan self efficacy mahasiswa menggunakan metode metacognitive scaffolding. (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia).
- Polya, G. (1973). How to solve it. Princeton University Press.
- Resmiati, T., & Hamdan. (2019). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis dan self-efficacy siswa sekolah menengah pertama. JPMI-Jurnal Pembelajaran Matematika Informatif, 2(4), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.22460/jpmi.v2i4.p177-186
- Sari, N. M., Yaniawati, P., Darhim, & Kartasasmita, B. G. (2019). The effect of different ways in presenting teaching materials on students’ mathematical problem solving abilities. International Journal of Instruction, 12(4), 495-512. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12432a
- Setyaningsih, V. P., & Firmansyah, D. (2022). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa SMP pada materi persamaan garis lurus. Prisma, 11(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.35194/jp.v11i1.2048
- Shadiev, R., Yi, S., & Aksal, F. (2024). Cultivating self-directed learning abilities in K-12 students through immersive online virtual tours. Interactive Learning Environments, 32, 7338–7363. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2024.2312923.
- Szabo, Z.K., Körtesi, P., Guncaga, J., Szabo, D., & Neag, R. (2020). Examples of problem-solving strategies in mathematics education supporting the sustainability of 21st-century skills. Sustainability, 12, 10113. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310113
- Tanudjaya, C., & Doorman, M. (2020). Examining higher-order thinking in Indonesian lower secondary mathematics classrooms. Journal on Mathematics Education, 11, 277-300. https://doi.org/10.22342/JME.11.2.11000.277-300.
- Thanheiser, E. (2023). What is the mathematics in mathematics education?. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 70, 101033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2023.101033
- Widiastuti, Rosyana, T., & Rohaeti, E. E. (2018). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah dan self efficacy siswa SMP pada materi aritmatika sosial. Journal of Math Educator Nusantara (JMEN), 35 – 44. https://doi.org/10.29407/jmen.v4i01.12015
- Wong, F., & Kan, C. (2022). Online problem-based learning intervention on self-directed learning and problem-solving through group work: A waitlist-controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020720
- Yaniawati, RP., & Indrawan, R. (2024). Metodologi penelitian. Refika Aditama.
- Yaniawati, R. P., Kartasasmita, B. G., & Saputra, J. (2019). E-learning assisted problem-based learning for self-regulated learning and mathematical problem solving. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1280, No. 4, p. 042023). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1280/4/042023
- Yudiawati, N., Trisaputri, F., & Sari, N. M. (2021). Analisis kemampuan literasi matematik dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa ditinjau berdasarkan gender melalui pembelajaran reciprocal teaching. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 11(1), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v11i1.3691
- Zahrona, S. Z., & Chaniago, A. F. (2021). The influence of self-directed learning on mathematical problem-solving ability in problem-based learning with ethnomathematics nuances. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1918, No. 4, p. 042121). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1918/4/042121
Referensi
Amaliyah, F., Sukestiyarno, Y. L., & Asikin, M. (2020). Mathematical problem-solving ability in self-directed learning with a module from students’ self-regulated learning. Unnes Journal of Mathematics Education Research, 10, 181-188. Retrieved from https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/ujmer/article/view/43086
Bhandari, B., Chopra, D., & Singh, K. (2020). Self-directed learning: assessment of students' abilities and their perspective.. Advances in physiology education, 44(3), 383–386. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00010.2020.
Bishara, S. (2021). The cultivation of self-directed learning in teaching mathematics. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 13(1), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v13i1.5401
Chee, T. S., Divaharan, S., Tan, L., & Mun, C. H. (2011). Self-directed learning AltICT: Theory, practice and assessment. Ministry of Education.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Cui, J., Wang, S., Lv, L., Ran, X., Cui, Z., & Zhou, X. (2023). Different cognitive mechanisms used for solving open and closed math problems. International Journal of Psychology, 58(6), 584–593. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12934
Fuadi, D. N. (2015). Peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik berdasarkan kecerdasan emosional siswa melalui pembelajaran berbasis masalah. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v5i1.2517
Gibbons, M. (2002). The self-directed learning handbook: Challenging adolescent students to excel. Jossey-Bass.
Hafidz, A. A., Kusumaningsih, W., & Aini, A. N. (2019). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika ditinjau dari motivasi belajar siswa berdasarkan gender. Imajiner: Jurnal Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika, 1(6), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.26877/imajiner.v1i6.4867
Hofmeyer, S. J. (2016). The relationship between problem solving and self-directed learning in Grade 7 mathematics classrooms (Doctoral dissertation, North West University).
Imaroh, A., Umah, U., & Asriningsih, T. M. (2021). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika ditinjau dari self-efficacy siswa pada materi sistem persamaan linear tiga variabel. JPMI (Jurnal Pembelajaran Matematika Inovatif), 4(4), 843-856. https://doi.org/10.22460/jpmi.v4i4.p%25p
Indriana, L., & Maryati, I. (2021). Kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa SMP pada materi segiempat dan segitiga di Kampung Sukagalih. Plusminus: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 1(3), 541-552. https://doi.org/10.31980/plusminus.v1i3.962
Kania, E. S., Yaniawati, P., Firmansyah, E., & Indrawan, R. (2020). Peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa melalui pendekatan pembelajaran berbasis masalah dengan GeoGebra. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 10(2), 65-81. Retrieved from https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/pjme/article/view/3151
Lee, D., & Chang, C. (2024). Evaluating self-directed learning competencies in digital learning environments: A meta-analysis. Educ Inf Technol, 30, 6847–6868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13083-2.
Li, H., Majumdar, R., Chen, M., Yang, Y., & Ogata, H. (2021). Analysis of self-directed learning ability, reading outcomes, and personalized planning behavior for self-directed extensive reading. Interactive Learning Environments, 31, 3613 - 3632. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1937660.
Loeng, S. (2020). Self-directed learning: A core concept in adult education. Education Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3816132
Lubis, F. A., Azizah, N., Ardiani, V., & Zahari, C. L. (2023). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis pada materi sistem persamaan linier dua variabel (SPLDV) Ditinjau dari self directed learning. Jurnal Dirosah Islamiyah, 5(2), 411-419. https://doi.org/10.47467/jdi.v5i2.2974
Manaud, J. P., & Aggabao, A. H. G. (2024). Self-directed learning approach in mathematics. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 45(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2024.45.1.06
Mayasari, M., & Rosyana, T. (2019). Pengaruh kemandirian belajar terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa SMP Kota Bandung. Jurnal Cendekia: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 3(1), 82-89. https://doi.org/10.31004/cendekia.v3i1.66
Millah, S. N. (2021). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa pada materi segitiga ditinjau dari self-directed learning. INSPIRAMATIKA, 7(2), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.33387/jpgm.v2i3.5144
Morris, T. H. (2019). Self-directed learning: A fundamental competence in a rapidly changing world. International Review of Education, 65(4), 633–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-019-09793-2
Morris, T., Koutsouris, G., Stentiford, L., & Bremner, N. (2025). Self‐directed learning - a framework for inclusion ‘In’ and ‘Through’ Education - A systematic review. Review of Education, 13 (1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.70028
Muhammad, M., Purwanto, J., & Abida, R. (2021). Potential solving mathematical problem students focused on self-directed learning in COVID-19 pandemic. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1778, No. 1, p. 012035). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1778/1/012035
Nur, A. S., & Palobo, M. (2018). Profil kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa ditinjau dari perbedaan gaya kognitif dan gender. Kreano, Jurnal Matematika Kreatif-Inovatif, 9(2), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.15294/kreano.v9i2.15067
Prabawanto, S. (2013). Meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah, kreatifitas matematis dan self efficacy mahasiswa menggunakan metode metacognitive scaffolding. (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia).
Polya, G. (1973). How to solve it. Princeton University Press.
Resmiati, T., & Hamdan. (2019). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis dan self-efficacy siswa sekolah menengah pertama. JPMI-Jurnal Pembelajaran Matematika Informatif, 2(4), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.22460/jpmi.v2i4.p177-186
Sari, N. M., Yaniawati, P., Darhim, & Kartasasmita, B. G. (2019). The effect of different ways in presenting teaching materials on students’ mathematical problem solving abilities. International Journal of Instruction, 12(4), 495-512. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12432a
Setyaningsih, V. P., & Firmansyah, D. (2022). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa SMP pada materi persamaan garis lurus. Prisma, 11(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.35194/jp.v11i1.2048
Shadiev, R., Yi, S., & Aksal, F. (2024). Cultivating self-directed learning abilities in K-12 students through immersive online virtual tours. Interactive Learning Environments, 32, 7338–7363. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2024.2312923.
Szabo, Z.K., Körtesi, P., Guncaga, J., Szabo, D., & Neag, R. (2020). Examples of problem-solving strategies in mathematics education supporting the sustainability of 21st-century skills. Sustainability, 12, 10113. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310113
Tanudjaya, C., & Doorman, M. (2020). Examining higher-order thinking in Indonesian lower secondary mathematics classrooms. Journal on Mathematics Education, 11, 277-300. https://doi.org/10.22342/JME.11.2.11000.277-300.
Thanheiser, E. (2023). What is the mathematics in mathematics education?. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 70, 101033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2023.101033
Widiastuti, Rosyana, T., & Rohaeti, E. E. (2018). Analisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah dan self efficacy siswa SMP pada materi aritmatika sosial. Journal of Math Educator Nusantara (JMEN), 35 – 44. https://doi.org/10.29407/jmen.v4i01.12015
Wong, F., & Kan, C. (2022). Online problem-based learning intervention on self-directed learning and problem-solving through group work: A waitlist-controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020720
Yaniawati, RP., & Indrawan, R. (2024). Metodologi penelitian. Refika Aditama.
Yaniawati, R. P., Kartasasmita, B. G., & Saputra, J. (2019). E-learning assisted problem-based learning for self-regulated learning and mathematical problem solving. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1280, No. 4, p. 042023). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1280/4/042023
Yudiawati, N., Trisaputri, F., & Sari, N. M. (2021). Analisis kemampuan literasi matematik dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa ditinjau berdasarkan gender melalui pembelajaran reciprocal teaching. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 11(1), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v11i1.3691
Zahrona, S. Z., & Chaniago, A. F. (2021). The influence of self-directed learning on mathematical problem-solving ability in problem-based learning with ethnomathematics nuances. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1918, No. 4, p. 042121). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1918/4/042121
