Main Article Content
Abstract
Developing meaningful problem-solving approaches remains a central challenge in undergraduate Analytical Geometry courses. This study explores students’ learning experiences and approaches to problem-solving following the implementation of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in an Analytical Geometry course. A mixed-methods design with a convergent parallel approach was adopted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the learning process. Research data were obtained from a questionnaire focusing on students’ experiences during project-based activities and learning outcome scores. The participants consisted of 22 students from a Mathematics Education program during one semester of instruction. The research results showed high student responses toward the lecturer’s presentation, the usefulness of instructional tasks/media, and lecture satisfaction. In contrast, lower scores were observed for the lecturer’s interpersonal approach/friendliness and the interestingness of the material course content. Students reported using efficient strategies supported by visualisation tools, such as GeoGebra, to better understand problem structures. The integration of findings suggests that PjBL provides a learning environment that supports reflective engagement with problem-solving processes in analytical geometry.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Usep Kosasih

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References
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- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Capraro, R. M., Capraro, M. M., & Morgan, J. R. (2013). STEM project-based learning: An integrated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) approach. Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-143-6
- Chhabra, M., & Gawande, A. (2025). How does project-based-learning makes difference in secondary school mathematics. Multidisciplinary Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025550.
- Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Difinubun, F., Makmuri, M., & Hidayat, F. (2024). Preliminary study on the development of project-based learning module to improve students' mathematical problem solving ability. Mathline : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika. https://doi.org/10.31943/mathline.v9i2.638.
- Duval, R. (2006). A cognitive analysis of problems of comprehension in a learning of mathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 61(1–2), 103–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-006-0400-z
- Fülöp, É. (2021). Developing problem-solving sbilities by learning problem-solving strategies: an exploration of teaching intervention in authentic mathematics classes. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 65, 1309 - 1326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2020.1869070.
- Gao, W., & Zhang, X. (2023). Research on project-based learning practice in primary school mathematics focused on core literacy cultivation. International Journal of Education and Humanities. https://doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v11i3.14898.
- Guetterman, T. C., Fetters, M. D., & Creswell, J. W. (2015). Integrating quantitative and qualitative results in health science mixed methods research through joint displays. Annals of Family Medicine, 13(6), 554–561. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1865
- Guizado, J., Ortiz, J., & Abanto, V. (2024). Project-based learning model: its implication in the initial training of mathematics teachers. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n7-190.
- Halim, F. (2025). Project-based learning in the independent curriculum: improving secondary students’ mathematical problem-solving skills. EDUKASIA Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran. https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v6i2.1676.
- Holmes, V.-L., & Hwang, Y. (2016). Exploring the effects of project-based learning in secondary mathematics education. The Journal of Educational Research, 109(5), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2014.979911
- Kholid, M., Pradana, L., Maharani, S., & Swastika, A. (2022). Geogebra in project-based learning (geo-pjbl): a dynamic tool for analytical geometry course. Journal of Technology and Science Education. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1267.
- Kosasih, U., Nurjanah, S., Saputra, S., & Mutmainnah, S. (2023). Pengembangan lembar kerja peserta didik bernuansa islami terkait kemampuan koneksi matematis. Plusminus: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 3(3), 479–488. https://doi.org/10.31980/plusminus.v3i3.1510
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- Lee, Y. (2022). Promoting social and emotional learning competencies in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics project‐based mathematics classrooms. School Science and Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12557.
- Lithner, J. (2008). A research framework for creative and imitative reasoning. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 67(3), 255–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-007-9104-2
- Mahanal, S., Zubaidah, S., Setiawan, D., Maghfiroh, H., & Muhaimin, F. (2022). Empowering college students’ problem-solving skills through RICOSRE. Education Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12030196.
- National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. NCTM.
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- Prafita, Z. N. D., Cahyani, M. H., Muna, D. R. A., & Amaliyah, F. (2025). Efektivitas PBL dan keluba berbasis kearifan lokal kudus untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa SD. Uninus Journal of Mathematics Education and Science, 10(2), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.30999/ujmes.v10i2.3631
- Prayekti, N. (2025). Improving mathematical reasoning ability through project-based learning in middle school classrooms. Jurnal Konseling dan Pendidikan. https://doi.org/10.29210/1150400.
- Rehman, N., Khan, S., Khan, H., & Zaman, R. (2023). Fostering twenty-first century skills among primary school students through math project-based learning. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10, Article 424. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01914-5
- Sinclair, N., Bartolini Bussi, M. G., de Villiers, M., Jones, K., Kortenkamp, U., Leung, A., & Owens, K. (2016). Recent research on geometry education: An ICME-13 survey team report. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 92(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-015-9646-3
- Schoenfeld, A. H. (2016). Learning to think mathematically: Problem-solving, metacognition, and sense making in mathematics. Journal of Education, 196(2), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/002205741619600202
- Serin, H. (2023). Teaching mathematics: the role of project-based learning. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v10i2p378.
- Star, J. R., & Rittle-Johnson, B. (2009). Making algebra work: Instructional strategies that deepen students’ understanding. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 28(2–3), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2009.04.002
- Surya, E., Putri, F. A., & Mukhtar. (2021). Improving students’ problem-solving ability through GeoGebra-assisted project-based learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1882, 012050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1882/1/012050
- Thomas, J. W., & Mergendoller, J. R. (2000). Managing project-based learning: Principles from the field. Buck Institute for Education.
- Tyata, R., Dahal, N., Pant, B., & Luitel, B. (2021). Exploring project-based teaching for engaging students' mathematical learning. Mathematics Education Forum Chitwan. https://doi.org/10.3126/mefc.v6i6.42398.
- Ulpah, M., Kosasih, U., & Saputra, S. (2023). Pengembangan lembar kerja peserta didik model eliciting activities terkait kemampuan komunikasi matematis dan minat belajar. Uninus Journal of Mathematics Education and Science, 8(2), 2612. https://doi.org/10.30999/ujmes.v8i2.2612
- Van Hiele, P. M. (1986). Structure and insight: A theory of mathematics education. Academic Press.
- Yunita, D. R., Wulandari, Y. O., & Octavianti, C. T. (2022). Meta-analysis study: How effective is a project-based learning model on students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities? AIP Conference Proceedings, 2468(1), 070024. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0102458
References
Boaler, J. (2002). Experiencing school mathematics: Traditional and reform approaches to teaching and their impact on student learning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410600145
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Capraro, R. M., Capraro, M. M., & Morgan, J. R. (2013). STEM project-based learning: An integrated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) approach. Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-143-6
Chhabra, M., & Gawande, A. (2025). How does project-based-learning makes difference in secondary school mathematics. Multidisciplinary Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025550.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Difinubun, F., Makmuri, M., & Hidayat, F. (2024). Preliminary study on the development of project-based learning module to improve students' mathematical problem solving ability. Mathline : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika. https://doi.org/10.31943/mathline.v9i2.638.
Duval, R. (2006). A cognitive analysis of problems of comprehension in a learning of mathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 61(1–2), 103–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-006-0400-z
Fülöp, É. (2021). Developing problem-solving sbilities by learning problem-solving strategies: an exploration of teaching intervention in authentic mathematics classes. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 65, 1309 - 1326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2020.1869070.
Gao, W., & Zhang, X. (2023). Research on project-based learning practice in primary school mathematics focused on core literacy cultivation. International Journal of Education and Humanities. https://doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v11i3.14898.
Guetterman, T. C., Fetters, M. D., & Creswell, J. W. (2015). Integrating quantitative and qualitative results in health science mixed methods research through joint displays. Annals of Family Medicine, 13(6), 554–561. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1865
Guizado, J., Ortiz, J., & Abanto, V. (2024). Project-based learning model: its implication in the initial training of mathematics teachers. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n7-190.
Halim, F. (2025). Project-based learning in the independent curriculum: improving secondary students’ mathematical problem-solving skills. EDUKASIA Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran. https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v6i2.1676.
Holmes, V.-L., & Hwang, Y. (2016). Exploring the effects of project-based learning in secondary mathematics education. The Journal of Educational Research, 109(5), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2014.979911
Kholid, M., Pradana, L., Maharani, S., & Swastika, A. (2022). Geogebra in project-based learning (geo-pjbl): a dynamic tool for analytical geometry course. Journal of Technology and Science Education. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1267.
Kosasih, U., Nurjanah, S., Saputra, S., & Mutmainnah, S. (2023). Pengembangan lembar kerja peserta didik bernuansa islami terkait kemampuan koneksi matematis. Plusminus: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 3(3), 479–488. https://doi.org/10.31980/plusminus.v3i3.1510
Krajcik, J. S., & Blumenfeld, P. C. (2006). Project-based learning. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 317–334). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816833.020
Lee, Y. (2022). Promoting social and emotional learning competencies in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics project‐based mathematics classrooms. School Science and Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12557.
Lithner, J. (2008). A research framework for creative and imitative reasoning. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 67(3), 255–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-007-9104-2
Mahanal, S., Zubaidah, S., Setiawan, D., Maghfiroh, H., & Muhaimin, F. (2022). Empowering college students’ problem-solving skills through RICOSRE. Education Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12030196.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. NCTM.
Ozkan, G., & Topsakal, U. (2020). Investigating the effectiveness of STEAM education on students’ conceptual understanding of force and energy topics. Research in Science & Technological Education, 39, 441 - 460. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2020.1769586.
PBLWorks. (n.d.). Gold standard project based learning. Buck Institute for Education. https://www.pblworks.org/what-is-pbl/gold-standard-project-based-learning
Prafita, Z. N. D., Cahyani, M. H., Muna, D. R. A., & Amaliyah, F. (2025). Efektivitas PBL dan keluba berbasis kearifan lokal kudus untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa SD. Uninus Journal of Mathematics Education and Science, 10(2), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.30999/ujmes.v10i2.3631
Prayekti, N. (2025). Improving mathematical reasoning ability through project-based learning in middle school classrooms. Jurnal Konseling dan Pendidikan. https://doi.org/10.29210/1150400.
Rehman, N., Khan, S., Khan, H., & Zaman, R. (2023). Fostering twenty-first century skills among primary school students through math project-based learning. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10, Article 424. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01914-5
Sinclair, N., Bartolini Bussi, M. G., de Villiers, M., Jones, K., Kortenkamp, U., Leung, A., & Owens, K. (2016). Recent research on geometry education: An ICME-13 survey team report. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 92(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-015-9646-3
Schoenfeld, A. H. (2016). Learning to think mathematically: Problem-solving, metacognition, and sense making in mathematics. Journal of Education, 196(2), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/002205741619600202
Serin, H. (2023). Teaching mathematics: the role of project-based learning. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v10i2p378.
Star, J. R., & Rittle-Johnson, B. (2009). Making algebra work: Instructional strategies that deepen students’ understanding. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 28(2–3), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2009.04.002
Surya, E., Putri, F. A., & Mukhtar. (2021). Improving students’ problem-solving ability through GeoGebra-assisted project-based learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1882, 012050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1882/1/012050
Thomas, J. W., & Mergendoller, J. R. (2000). Managing project-based learning: Principles from the field. Buck Institute for Education.
Tyata, R., Dahal, N., Pant, B., & Luitel, B. (2021). Exploring project-based teaching for engaging students' mathematical learning. Mathematics Education Forum Chitwan. https://doi.org/10.3126/mefc.v6i6.42398.
Ulpah, M., Kosasih, U., & Saputra, S. (2023). Pengembangan lembar kerja peserta didik model eliciting activities terkait kemampuan komunikasi matematis dan minat belajar. Uninus Journal of Mathematics Education and Science, 8(2), 2612. https://doi.org/10.30999/ujmes.v8i2.2612
Van Hiele, P. M. (1986). Structure and insight: A theory of mathematics education. Academic Press.
Yunita, D. R., Wulandari, Y. O., & Octavianti, C. T. (2022). Meta-analysis study: How effective is a project-based learning model on students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities? AIP Conference Proceedings, 2468(1), 070024. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0102458
