Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to develop and validate an adaptive digital assessment system for identifying students’ learning styles based on sensory preferences to enhance personalized mathematics instruction at the secondary school level. Using a Research and Development approach with the ADDIE model, the digital instrument was designed, tested, and refined in three public junior high schools with varying levels of technological infrastructure. The digital assessment demonstrated high validity and reliability, efficiently mapping students’ sensory-based learning profiles in real-time. The system provides automated instructional recommendations that are easily adopted by teachers. Field implementation involved 128 students and 6 mathematics teachers, showing that 81.2% of students completed the assessment independently and 92% found it helpful in understanding their learning preferences. The distribution revealed dominant visual (42.2%) and kinesthetic (24.2%) styles, with a significant proportion of multi-sensory learners (11.7%). The system outperformed conventional and comparable digital tools in terms of sensitivity, efficiency, and effectiveness in supporting personalized learning. Implementation challenges related to infrastructure and digital literacy were observed. This study provides strong empirical evidence for the practical contribution of adaptive digital assessment in advancing data-driven, student-centered mathematics education.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Satya Santika, Depi Ardian Nugraha, Muhamad Zulfikar Mansyur

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
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- Andrini, V. S. (2023). Integrating adaptive e-learning platform to enhance mathematical problem-solving abilities. EDUTEC : Journal of Education And Technology, 7(2), 344–352. https://doi.org/10.29062/edu.v7i2.709
- Angraini, L. M., Arcat, & Sohibun. (2024). Learning style factors in achieving mathematical computational thinking ability in mathematics education students. Indonesian Journal of Teaching and Learning (INTEL), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.56855/intel.v3i3.1104
- Ayuningtyas, S., & Nurafni, N. (2025). The influence of learning styles on mathematical literacy in fifth-grade students: a qualitative study of unit measurement. Plusminus: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 5(2), 407–420. https://doi.org/10.31980/plusminus.v5i2.3034
- Branoaea, G. C. (2025). Neuroadaptive digital assessment in mathematics: A parametric approach with stack and AI-powered feedback. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 16(3), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.70594/brain/16.3/11
- Chestnutt, C. (2025). Multisensory mathematics instruction for differentiation in the elementary mathematics classroom. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1010220
- Chong, A. peng, Wong, K.-T., & Kong, V. L. S. (2025). Teknologi imersif dalam pendidikan matematik murid ketidakupayaan pendengaran: naratif daripada realiti terimbuh (AR) hingga ke metaverse. Journal of Research, Innovation, and Strategies for Education (RISE), 2(4), 66–82. https://doi.org/10.70148/rise.v2i4.5
- Essa, S. G., Celik, T., & Human-Hendricks, N. E. (2023a). Personalized adaptive learning technologies based on machine learning techniques to identify learning styles: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 11, 48392–48409. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3276439
- Essa, S. G., Celik, T., & Human-Hendricks, N. E. (2023b). Personalized adaptive learning technologies based on machine learning techniques to identify learning styles: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 11, 48392–48409. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3276439
- Hariri, D. D., Mahmudah, H., Wibawa, F. S., & Kania, N. (2025). Unraveling the connection: A systematic review of learning styles and mathematics achievement. Pedagogical Research, 10(1), em0232. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/15681
- Indriatik, I., & Rahma, H. (2024). Personalized learning experiences exploring adaptive e-learning systems for different learning styles. Journal of Blended and Technical Education, 1(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.70764/gdpu-jbte.2024.1(1)-07
- Jesus, G. C. de, Cardozo, A. G. M., & Junger, A. P. (2024). Diversidade de estilos de aprendizagem: uma análise teórica com base no modelo Felder-Silverman. Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo, 16(4), e3812. https://doi.org/10.55905/cuadv16n4-014
- Khatri, T. B., & Khanal, B. (2024). Mathematics learning style and achievement of secondary level students. Journal of Musikot Campus, 2(1), 234–253. https://doi.org/10.3126/jmc.v2i1.70847
- Kosovets, O., Soia, O., Krupskyi, Y., & Tyutyun, L. (2022). Digital technologies as a means of adaptive learning for higher education informatics and mathematics. Physical and Mathematical Education, 33(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.31110/2413-1571-2022-033-1-002
- Kurniadi, D., Wagino, W., Asnur, L., Safitri, R., Koto, R. D., & Wakhinuddin, W. (2025). Designing an E-learning application with diagnostic learning style testing for enhancing personalization in educational technology courses. Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Dan Pendidikan, 18(1), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.24036/jtip.v18i1.946
- Laswadi, L., Supriadi, N., Khaidir, C., & Anggoro, B. S. (2022). Investigating the effectiveness of using various mathematics learning media among students with various learning styles. Al-Jabar : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 13(1), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajpm.v13i1.12485
- Lin, X. (2024). Learning style preferences, strategies and interaction qualities among chinese mathematics learners. Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Sustainable Development, 12(2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.70979/QBSM5788
- Luo, Z. (2021). Using eye-tracking technology to identify learning styles: Behaviour patterns and identification accuracy. Education and Information Technologies, 26(4), 4457–4485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10468-5
- Nurjanah, Kansil, I. C., Masturoh, I., & Hanwar, D. (2024). Multisensory learning: Improving conceptual understanding through an intuitive sensory approach. Journal of Pedagogi, 1(6), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.62872/7ygyx095
- Ocampo, E. N., Siahaan, K. W. A., Sinaga, S. J., & Cutillas, A. L. (2023). Pedagogical exemplars for mathematics across learning styles. Edunesia : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 4(2), 644–658. https://doi.org/10.51276/edu.v4i2.415
- Oviedo Ramirez, D. C., Ramirez Salazar, D. A., Valderrama Muñoz, A. M., Quiroz Betancur, L. M., & Fletscher, L. (2025). Exploring the relationship between learning styles and digital educational resources in adaptive learning systems. Education Sciences, 15(8), 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15081075
- Pradestya, R., Sudirman, S., & Susandi, A. D. (2024). Analysis of students’ mathematical reasoning in triangles by learning style preferences. Journal of Instructional Mathematics, 5(2), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.37640/jim.v5i2.2120
- Rahmatika, T., Azmar, & Fajriawan, I. M. (2024). Preferred learning styles among junior high school students using non cognitive diagnostic assessment. EDULANGUE, 6(2), 220–233. https://doi.org/10.20414/edulangue.v6i2.9112
- Rashad Sayed, A., Helmy Khafagy, M., Ali, M., & Hussien Mohamed, M. (2024). Predict student learning styles and suitable assessment methods using click stream. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 26, 100469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2024.100469
- Sachan, D. (2025). Adaptive smart online learning system design (ASOLS). International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2764–2769. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul1785
- Saeed, R. M. (2023). Investigating learning styles prefrences of mathematics education students at faculity of education in Sana’a Univesity. Journal of the Faculty of Education, 1(7), 29–63. https://doi.org/10.60037/edu.v1i7.1210
- Shemeen, A., P. V., S., Deepa, S., Vinay, M., & Jayapriya, J. (2025). Implementing learning analytics in educational systems to effectively integrate and cater to different learning styles. In Revolutionizing Education With Remote Experimentation and Learning Analytics (pp. 203–228). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8593-7.ch012
- Triyono, A., Fatmawati, A., & Nuryadi, N. (2025). Systematic literature review: implementation of savi learning model (somatic, auditory, visual, and intellectual) to improve students’ ability to understand concepts and actively learn mathematics. Jurnal Mercumatika : Jurnal Penelitian Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.26486/jm.v8i2.4519
- Vanderburg, R. (2024). Enhancing mathematical proficiency through digitally individualized pedagogy. Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 6(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.24135/pjtel.v6i1.200
- Verma, A., & Kulkarnin, R. (2025). Adaptive learning algorithms for differentiated instruction in mathematics education. International Academic Journal of Science and Engineering, 12(3), 50–53. https://doi.org/10.71086/IAJSE/V12I1/IAJSE1209
- Wahyuddin, W., Ernawati, E., Maharida, M., Anas, L., Bakti, R. Y., Rusdin, N. Q., Insani, N., & Uspiani, U. (2025). Mathematics learning style instrument developlemt in high school students. Journal of Educational Analytics, 4(3), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.55927/jeda.v4i3.224
- Widyana, R., Sofia Afiati, N., Sumiharso, & Merli Safitri, R. (2025). An internet-delivered vak learning style assessment: development, validation, and implications for educational practice in Indonesia. Jurnal Konseling Dan Pendidikan, 13(2), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.29210/1135200
References
Al-Khawaldeh, S., Alzboun, M., & Al-Awmleh, W. (2024). The effect of using digital educational content based on learning styles (audio, visual, kinesthetic) on the achievement and motivation towards learning among students enrolled in the “design and production educational materials” course at Al al-Bayt University. Educational and Psychological Sciences Series, 3(1), 33–62. https://doi.org/10.59759/educational.v3i1.535
Andrini, V. S. (2023). Integrating adaptive e-learning platform to enhance mathematical problem-solving abilities. EDUTEC : Journal of Education And Technology, 7(2), 344–352. https://doi.org/10.29062/edu.v7i2.709
Angraini, L. M., Arcat, & Sohibun. (2024). Learning style factors in achieving mathematical computational thinking ability in mathematics education students. Indonesian Journal of Teaching and Learning (INTEL), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.56855/intel.v3i3.1104
Ayuningtyas, S., & Nurafni, N. (2025). The influence of learning styles on mathematical literacy in fifth-grade students: a qualitative study of unit measurement. Plusminus: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 5(2), 407–420. https://doi.org/10.31980/plusminus.v5i2.3034
Branoaea, G. C. (2025). Neuroadaptive digital assessment in mathematics: A parametric approach with stack and AI-powered feedback. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 16(3), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.70594/brain/16.3/11
Chestnutt, C. (2025). Multisensory mathematics instruction for differentiation in the elementary mathematics classroom. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1010220
Chong, A. peng, Wong, K.-T., & Kong, V. L. S. (2025). Teknologi imersif dalam pendidikan matematik murid ketidakupayaan pendengaran: naratif daripada realiti terimbuh (AR) hingga ke metaverse. Journal of Research, Innovation, and Strategies for Education (RISE), 2(4), 66–82. https://doi.org/10.70148/rise.v2i4.5
Essa, S. G., Celik, T., & Human-Hendricks, N. E. (2023a). Personalized adaptive learning technologies based on machine learning techniques to identify learning styles: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 11, 48392–48409. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3276439
Essa, S. G., Celik, T., & Human-Hendricks, N. E. (2023b). Personalized adaptive learning technologies based on machine learning techniques to identify learning styles: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 11, 48392–48409. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3276439
Hariri, D. D., Mahmudah, H., Wibawa, F. S., & Kania, N. (2025). Unraveling the connection: A systematic review of learning styles and mathematics achievement. Pedagogical Research, 10(1), em0232. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/15681
Indriatik, I., & Rahma, H. (2024). Personalized learning experiences exploring adaptive e-learning systems for different learning styles. Journal of Blended and Technical Education, 1(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.70764/gdpu-jbte.2024.1(1)-07
Jesus, G. C. de, Cardozo, A. G. M., & Junger, A. P. (2024). Diversidade de estilos de aprendizagem: uma análise teórica com base no modelo Felder-Silverman. Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo, 16(4), e3812. https://doi.org/10.55905/cuadv16n4-014
Khatri, T. B., & Khanal, B. (2024). Mathematics learning style and achievement of secondary level students. Journal of Musikot Campus, 2(1), 234–253. https://doi.org/10.3126/jmc.v2i1.70847
Kosovets, O., Soia, O., Krupskyi, Y., & Tyutyun, L. (2022). Digital technologies as a means of adaptive learning for higher education informatics and mathematics. Physical and Mathematical Education, 33(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.31110/2413-1571-2022-033-1-002
Kurniadi, D., Wagino, W., Asnur, L., Safitri, R., Koto, R. D., & Wakhinuddin, W. (2025). Designing an E-learning application with diagnostic learning style testing for enhancing personalization in educational technology courses. Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Dan Pendidikan, 18(1), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.24036/jtip.v18i1.946
Laswadi, L., Supriadi, N., Khaidir, C., & Anggoro, B. S. (2022). Investigating the effectiveness of using various mathematics learning media among students with various learning styles. Al-Jabar : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 13(1), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajpm.v13i1.12485
Lin, X. (2024). Learning style preferences, strategies and interaction qualities among chinese mathematics learners. Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Sustainable Development, 12(2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.70979/QBSM5788
Luo, Z. (2021). Using eye-tracking technology to identify learning styles: Behaviour patterns and identification accuracy. Education and Information Technologies, 26(4), 4457–4485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10468-5
Nurjanah, Kansil, I. C., Masturoh, I., & Hanwar, D. (2024). Multisensory learning: Improving conceptual understanding through an intuitive sensory approach. Journal of Pedagogi, 1(6), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.62872/7ygyx095
Ocampo, E. N., Siahaan, K. W. A., Sinaga, S. J., & Cutillas, A. L. (2023). Pedagogical exemplars for mathematics across learning styles. Edunesia : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 4(2), 644–658. https://doi.org/10.51276/edu.v4i2.415
Oviedo Ramirez, D. C., Ramirez Salazar, D. A., Valderrama Muñoz, A. M., Quiroz Betancur, L. M., & Fletscher, L. (2025). Exploring the relationship between learning styles and digital educational resources in adaptive learning systems. Education Sciences, 15(8), 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15081075
Pradestya, R., Sudirman, S., & Susandi, A. D. (2024). Analysis of students’ mathematical reasoning in triangles by learning style preferences. Journal of Instructional Mathematics, 5(2), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.37640/jim.v5i2.2120
Rahmatika, T., Azmar, & Fajriawan, I. M. (2024). Preferred learning styles among junior high school students using non cognitive diagnostic assessment. EDULANGUE, 6(2), 220–233. https://doi.org/10.20414/edulangue.v6i2.9112
Rashad Sayed, A., Helmy Khafagy, M., Ali, M., & Hussien Mohamed, M. (2024). Predict student learning styles and suitable assessment methods using click stream. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 26, 100469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2024.100469
Sachan, D. (2025). Adaptive smart online learning system design (ASOLS). International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2764–2769. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul1785
Saeed, R. M. (2023). Investigating learning styles prefrences of mathematics education students at faculity of education in Sana’a Univesity. Journal of the Faculty of Education, 1(7), 29–63. https://doi.org/10.60037/edu.v1i7.1210
Shemeen, A., P. V., S., Deepa, S., Vinay, M., & Jayapriya, J. (2025). Implementing learning analytics in educational systems to effectively integrate and cater to different learning styles. In Revolutionizing Education With Remote Experimentation and Learning Analytics (pp. 203–228). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8593-7.ch012
Triyono, A., Fatmawati, A., & Nuryadi, N. (2025). Systematic literature review: implementation of savi learning model (somatic, auditory, visual, and intellectual) to improve students’ ability to understand concepts and actively learn mathematics. Jurnal Mercumatika : Jurnal Penelitian Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.26486/jm.v8i2.4519
Vanderburg, R. (2024). Enhancing mathematical proficiency through digitally individualized pedagogy. Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 6(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.24135/pjtel.v6i1.200
Verma, A., & Kulkarnin, R. (2025). Adaptive learning algorithms for differentiated instruction in mathematics education. International Academic Journal of Science and Engineering, 12(3), 50–53. https://doi.org/10.71086/IAJSE/V12I1/IAJSE1209
Wahyuddin, W., Ernawati, E., Maharida, M., Anas, L., Bakti, R. Y., Rusdin, N. Q., Insani, N., & Uspiani, U. (2025). Mathematics learning style instrument developlemt in high school students. Journal of Educational Analytics, 4(3), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.55927/jeda.v4i3.224
Widyana, R., Sofia Afiati, N., Sumiharso, & Merli Safitri, R. (2025). An internet-delivered vak learning style assessment: development, validation, and implications for educational practice in Indonesia. Jurnal Konseling Dan Pendidikan, 13(2), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.29210/1135200
