Analyzing students' mathematical conceptual understanding of functions in senior high school

Rizky Wahyu Nuril Azizah; Fika Nurama Dhanti

doi:10.23969/pjme.v15i1.20615

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Abstract

This study aims to analyze students' mathematical concept understanding ability on function material in class XI of SMA Islam Sabilurrosyad Gasek Malang in the 2024/2025 academic year. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a case study. Data were collected through interviews with teachers and students, classroom observations, and concept understanding tests. Interviews were conducted to explore factors that influence student understanding, observations were used to see student interactions with the material and teaching methods applied, and tests were used to identify student misconceptions. The collected data were analyzed to determine the main themes related to students' difficulties in understanding the concept of functions and the misconceptions that occurred. The study results showed that there were difficulties for students in understanding the concept of functions, which were caused by factors such as ineffective teaching methods and a lack of practice. Based on these findings, it is recommended that teachers improve their teaching methods and provide more varied exercises to improve student understanding. The implications of this study show the importance of an interactive and contextual teaching approach in conveying mathematical concepts. As a practical recommendation, teachers are advised to use visual learning media and provide constructive feedback to help students build a deeper understanding of concepts.

Keywords

Creative Mathematics education Critical Thinking kemampuan problem solving Kemampuan prestasi belajar matematis, model pembelajaran thinking aloud pair problem solving (TAPPS)

How to Cite

Nuril Azizah, R. W., & Fika Nurama Dhanti. (2025). Analyzing students’ mathematical conceptual understanding of functions in senior high school. Pasundan Journal of Mathematics Education, 15(1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.23969/pjme.v15i1.20615

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References

Abraham, I., Tjalla, A., & Indrajit, R. E. (2021). HOTS (High Order Thingking Skill) dalam Pedagogik Kritis. JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan), 5(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.58258/jisip.v5i3.2090.
AlAyyubi, I. I., Widiani, E., Suryana, I., Andriani, A., & Sari, D. W. (2024). Application of the Model-Eliciting Activities (MEAs) Learning Model on Mathematics Learning Based on HOTS (HOTS). Noumerico: Journal of Technology in Mathematics Education, 2(2), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.33367/jtme.v2i2.5181.
Alam, S. (2019). Higher order thinking skills (HOTS): Kemampuan memecahkan masalah, berpikir kritis dan kreatif dalam pendidikan seni untuk menghadapi revolusi industri 4.0 pada era society 5.0. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pascasarjana, 2(1), 790-797.
Aini, S., Syam, S. S., & Chandra, C. (2025). Analisis Kemampuan Peserta Didik dalam Literasi Numerasi pada Soal Bilangan di Sekolah Dasar. Algoritma: Jurnal Matematika, Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Kebumian dan Angkasa, 3(3), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.62383/algoritma.v3i3.487
Apriani, S. P., Zuhro, M. V., Siregar, N., Ristanto, R. H., & Isfaeni, H. (2023). Diferensiasi Pembelajaran Virus Sebuah Pengembangan Instrumen Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). Diklabio: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Biologi, 7(2), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.33369/diklabio.7.1.124-132
Arafah, K., Amin, B. D., Sari, S. S., & Hakim, A. (2021). The development of higher order-thinking skills (HOTS) instrument assessment in physics study. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1899, No. 1, p. 012140). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012140.
Busdayu, Z. A., Rahmawati, N., & Setiadi, D. (2023). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi (HOTS). Journal of Classroom Action Research, 5(4), 449-453. https://doi.org/10.29303/jcar.v5i4.5537.
Busyairi, A., & Sinaga, P. (2015). Strategi pembelajaran creative problem solving (CPS) berbasis eksperimen untuk meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif dan keterampilan berpikir kreatif. Jurnal Pengajaran Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, 20(2), 133-143.
Desti, R. M., Pertiwi, C. M., Sumarmo, U., & Hidayat, W. (2020). Improving student’s mathematical creative thinking and habits of mind using a problem-solving approach based on cognitive thinking stage. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1657, No. 1, p. 012042). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1657/1/012042.
Dikdas, T. G. (2021). Modul belajar mandiri calon guru.
Fadli, M. R. (2021). Memahami desain metode penelitian kualitatif. Humanika, Kajian Ilmiah Mata Kuliah Umum, 21(1), 33-54.
Gulvara, M. A., Suryadi, D., & Kurniawan, S. (2023). Kesalahan Siswa Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita Matematika Berdasarkan Skema Fong: Systematic Literature Review. JPMI (Jurnal Pembelajaran Matematika Inovatif), 6(2), 607-618. https://doi.org/10.22460/jpmi.v6i2.17141.
Harjo, B., Kartowagiran, B., & Mahmudi, A. (2019). Development of Critical Thinking Skill Instruments on Mathematical Learning High School. International Journal of Instruction, 12(4), 149-166. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12410a.
Hendriana, H., Johanto, T., & Sumarmo, U. (2018). The Role of Problem-Based Learning to Improve Students' Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability and Self Confidence. Journal on Mathematics Education, 9(2), 291-300. Available from http://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/jme/issue/view/408.
Huda, M., Purnomo, E., Anggraini, D., & Prameswari, D. H. (2021). Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) dalam Materi dan Soal pada Buku Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia SMA Terbitan Kemendikbud RI. PRASI, 16(02), 128-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/prasi.v16i02.40671.
Ichsan, I. Z., Hasanah, R., Ristanto, R. H., Rusdi, R., Cahapay, M. B., Widiyawati, Y., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Designing an Innovative Assessment of HOTS in the Science Learning for the 21st Century. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pembelajaran IPA, 6(2), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.30870/jppi.v6i2.4765.
Izzati, N., Antika, R., Susanti, S., & Siregar, N. A. R. (2020). Bimbingan guru dalam pengembangan soal kategori HOTS pada MGMP SMP Matematika Kota Tanjungpinang. JMM (Jurnal Komunitas Independen), 4(3), 370-381. https://doi.org/10.31764/jmm.v4i3.2511.
Kairuddin, K., Siregar, B. H., & Siregar, N. H. (2020). Improvement of Students' High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Ability through the Application of Van Hiele Theory Assisted by Video Animation. Jurnal Pedagogi Matematika (JoMP), 2(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.26740/jomp.v2n1.p32-39.
Khotimah, R. P., & Sari, M. C. P. (2020). Pengembangan lembar kerja peserta didik berbasis higher order thinking skills (Hots) menggunakan konteks lingkungan. Jurnal Aksioma, 9(3), 761-755. https://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v9i3.2909.
Mardiana, N., Prayogi, S. Y., Sukartika, S., Haslina, S., & Harizan, M. (2021). Android-Based Digital Teaching Materials as Online Learning in New Normal Era to Improve Physics HOTS for High School Students. Journal of Natural Science and Integration, 5(1), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.24014/jnsi.v5i1.15468.
Nindiasari, H., Pranata, M. F., Sukirwan, S., Sugiman, S., Fathurrohman, M., Ruhimat, A., & Yuhana, Y. (2024). The use of augmented reality to improve students' geometry concept problem-solving skills through the STEAM approach. Infinity Journal, 13(1), 119-138. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v13i1.p119-138.
Nursyifa, H. S., Lidinillah, D. A. M., & Kosasih, E. (2020). Analisis soal HOTS materi geometri dalam buku teks matematika kelas IV SD. PEDADIDAKTIKA: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 7(4), 121-131. https://doi.org/10.17509/pedadidaktika.v7i4.26576
Rahman, A., Kalsum, U., & Saddia, A. (2023). Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Peserta Didik dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Fisika. Journal of Health, Education, Economics, Science, and Technology (J-HEST), 6(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.36339/j-hest.v6i1.156.
Runisah, R. R. (2019). Peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis matematis siswa SMA melalui SQ3R. Euclid, 6(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.33603/e.v6i2.2216.
Saraswati, P. M. S., & Agustika, G. N. S. (2020). Kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi dalam menyelesaikan soal HOTS mata pelajaran matematika. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 4(2), 257-269. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v4i2.25336
Sari, N., Ratu, T., Rittianti, R., & Erfan, M. (2023). Pengaruh model pembelajaran POE (Predict-Observe-Explain) terhadap kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi (HOTS) muatan IPA siswa kelas V Disekolah Dasar. BIOCHEPHY: Journal of Science Education, 3(1), 83-88.
https://doi.org/10.52562/biochephy.v3i1.776
Sari, S. P., Siregar, E. F. S., & Lubis, B. S. (2021). Pengembangan blended learning berbasis model flipped learning untuk meningkatkan 6C For HOTS mahasiswa PGSD UMSU. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(5), 3460-3471. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i5.1334.
Sari, Y., Cahyaningtyas, A. P., Maharani, M. M., Yustiana, S., & Kusumadewi, R. F. (2019). Meningkatkan kemampuan menyusun soal IPA berorientasi HOTS bagi guru Sekolah Dasar Gugus Pandanaran Dabin IV UPTD Semarang Tengah. Indonesian Journal of Community Services, 1(2), 175-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ijocs.1.2.175-183.
Sidiq, Y., Ishartono, N., Desstya, A., Prayitno, H. J., Anif, S., & Hidayat, M. L. (2021). Improving elementary school students’ critical thinking skill in science through hots-based science questions: A quasi-experimental study. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 10(3), 378-386. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v10i3.30891
Siswono, T. Y. E., & Rahaju, E. B. (2018). Development of Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Problems on Mathematic are Based on That Quiz Apllication. In MISEIC 2018.
Sujadi, I., Budiyono, B., Kurniawati, I., Wulandari, A. N., & Andriatna, R. (2021). Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Guru Matematika Kota Surakarta dalam Menyusun Soal PISA-like. Publ. Pendidik, 11(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.26858/publikan.v11i2.16356
Susanto, N. C. P., Hartati, S. J., & Standsyah, R. E. (2023). Systematic literature review: Application of dynamic geometry software to improve mathematical problem-solving skills. Mathline: Jurnal Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika, 8(3), 857-872. http://doi.org/10.31943/mathline.v8i3.458.
Untari, E., Rohmah, N., & Lestari, D. W. (2018). Model pembelajaran problem based learning (PBL) sebagai pembiasaan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi (HOTS) dalam pembelajaran IPA di sekolah dasar. Prosiding SNPS (Seminar Nasional Pendidikan IPA), 135-142.
Usodo, B. (2024). Feasibility of a Problem-Based Social Constructivism Learning Model to Improve Higher-Order Thinking Skills among Primary School Students. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 11(3), 588-596. https://doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v11i3.592.
Utami, Y., & Andriani, A. (2023). Analysis of Students' Difficulties in Solving Mathematics Problems Based on High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Based on Polya Heuristic Stages at SMP Negeri 15 Medan. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1), 191-206. https://10.55927/fjmr.v2i1.2348
Walidin, W., Saifullah, T., & Tabrani, T. (2015). Metode penelitian kualitatif dan grounded theory.
Widodo, A., Afandi, Z., Suratman, S., Nursalim, N., Andyastuti, E., & Septiana, S. (2023). Meningkatkan Ketrampilan Berfikir Tingkat Tinggi (HOTS) Dan Keterlibatan Mahasiswa Dalam Proses Pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila. Jurnal Civic Hukum, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.22219/jch.v8i1.24390.
Wijaya, S., Sarifah, I., & Nurjannah, N. (2023). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Literasi Matematika dengan Menggunakan Pembelajaran Hybrid di Sekolah Dasar. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 8(1), 4020-4033. https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v8i1.7037.

References

Abraham, I., Tjalla, A., & Indrajit, R. E. (2021). HOTS (High Order Thingking Skill) dalam Pedagogik Kritis. JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan), 5(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.58258/jisip.v5i3.2090.

AlAyyubi, I. I., Widiani, E., Suryana, I., Andriani, A., & Sari, D. W. (2024). Application of the Model-Eliciting Activities (MEAs) Learning Model on Mathematics Learning Based on HOTS (HOTS). Noumerico: Journal of Technology in Mathematics Education, 2(2), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.33367/jtme.v2i2.5181.

Alam, S. (2019). Higher order thinking skills (HOTS): Kemampuan memecahkan masalah, berpikir kritis dan kreatif dalam pendidikan seni untuk menghadapi revolusi industri 4.0 pada era society 5.0. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pascasarjana, 2(1), 790-797.

Aini, S., Syam, S. S., & Chandra, C. (2025). Analisis Kemampuan Peserta Didik dalam Literasi Numerasi pada Soal Bilangan di Sekolah Dasar. Algoritma: Jurnal Matematika, Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Kebumian dan Angkasa, 3(3), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.62383/algoritma.v3i3.487

Apriani, S. P., Zuhro, M. V., Siregar, N., Ristanto, R. H., & Isfaeni, H. (2023). Diferensiasi Pembelajaran Virus Sebuah Pengembangan Instrumen Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). Diklabio: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Biologi, 7(2), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.33369/diklabio.7.1.124-132

Arafah, K., Amin, B. D., Sari, S. S., & Hakim, A. (2021). The development of higher order-thinking skills (HOTS) instrument assessment in physics study. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1899, No. 1, p. 012140). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012140.

Busdayu, Z. A., Rahmawati, N., & Setiadi, D. (2023). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi (HOTS). Journal of Classroom Action Research, 5(4), 449-453. https://doi.org/10.29303/jcar.v5i4.5537.

Busyairi, A., & Sinaga, P. (2015). Strategi pembelajaran creative problem solving (CPS) berbasis eksperimen untuk meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif dan keterampilan berpikir kreatif. Jurnal Pengajaran Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, 20(2), 133-143.

Desti, R. M., Pertiwi, C. M., Sumarmo, U., & Hidayat, W. (2020). Improving student’s mathematical creative thinking and habits of mind using a problem-solving approach based on cognitive thinking stage. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1657, No. 1, p. 012042). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1657/1/012042.

Dikdas, T. G. (2021). Modul belajar mandiri calon guru.

Fadli, M. R. (2021). Memahami desain metode penelitian kualitatif. Humanika, Kajian Ilmiah Mata Kuliah Umum, 21(1), 33-54.

Gulvara, M. A., Suryadi, D., & Kurniawan, S. (2023). Kesalahan Siswa Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita Matematika Berdasarkan Skema Fong: Systematic Literature Review. JPMI (Jurnal Pembelajaran Matematika Inovatif), 6(2), 607-618. https://doi.org/10.22460/jpmi.v6i2.17141.

Harjo, B., Kartowagiran, B., & Mahmudi, A. (2019). Development of Critical Thinking Skill Instruments on Mathematical Learning High School. International Journal of Instruction, 12(4), 149-166. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12410a.

Hendriana, H., Johanto, T., & Sumarmo, U. (2018). The Role of Problem-Based Learning to Improve Students' Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability and Self Confidence. Journal on Mathematics Education, 9(2), 291-300. Available from http://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/jme/issue/view/408.

Huda, M., Purnomo, E., Anggraini, D., & Prameswari, D. H. (2021). Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) dalam Materi dan Soal pada Buku Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia SMA Terbitan Kemendikbud RI. PRASI, 16(02), 128-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/prasi.v16i02.40671.

Ichsan, I. Z., Hasanah, R., Ristanto, R. H., Rusdi, R., Cahapay, M. B., Widiyawati, Y., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Designing an Innovative Assessment of HOTS in the Science Learning for the 21st Century. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pembelajaran IPA, 6(2), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.30870/jppi.v6i2.4765.

Izzati, N., Antika, R., Susanti, S., & Siregar, N. A. R. (2020). Bimbingan guru dalam pengembangan soal kategori HOTS pada MGMP SMP Matematika Kota Tanjungpinang. JMM (Jurnal Komunitas Independen), 4(3), 370-381. https://doi.org/10.31764/jmm.v4i3.2511.

Kairuddin, K., Siregar, B. H., & Siregar, N. H. (2020). Improvement of Students' High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Ability through the Application of Van Hiele Theory Assisted by Video Animation. Jurnal Pedagogi Matematika (JoMP), 2(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.26740/jomp.v2n1.p32-39.

Khotimah, R. P., & Sari, M. C. P. (2020). Pengembangan lembar kerja peserta didik berbasis higher order thinking skills (Hots) menggunakan konteks lingkungan. Jurnal Aksioma, 9(3), 761-755. https://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v9i3.2909.

Mardiana, N., Prayogi, S. Y., Sukartika, S., Haslina, S., & Harizan, M. (2021). Android-Based Digital Teaching Materials as Online Learning in New Normal Era to Improve Physics HOTS for High School Students. Journal of Natural Science and Integration, 5(1), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.24014/jnsi.v5i1.15468.

Nindiasari, H., Pranata, M. F., Sukirwan, S., Sugiman, S., Fathurrohman, M., Ruhimat, A., & Yuhana, Y. (2024). The use of augmented reality to improve students' geometry concept problem-solving skills through the STEAM approach. Infinity Journal, 13(1), 119-138. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v13i1.p119-138.

Nursyifa, H. S., Lidinillah, D. A. M., & Kosasih, E. (2020). Analisis soal HOTS materi geometri dalam buku teks matematika kelas IV SD. PEDADIDAKTIKA: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 7(4), 121-131. https://doi.org/10.17509/pedadidaktika.v7i4.26576

Rahman, A., Kalsum, U., & Saddia, A. (2023). Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Peserta Didik dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Fisika. Journal of Health, Education, Economics, Science, and Technology (J-HEST), 6(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.36339/j-hest.v6i1.156.

Runisah, R. R. (2019). Peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis matematis siswa SMA melalui SQ3R. Euclid, 6(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.33603/e.v6i2.2216.

Saraswati, P. M. S., & Agustika, G. N. S. (2020). Kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi dalam menyelesaikan soal HOTS mata pelajaran matematika. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 4(2), 257-269. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v4i2.25336

Sari, N., Ratu, T., Rittianti, R., & Erfan, M. (2023). Pengaruh model pembelajaran POE (Predict-Observe-Explain) terhadap kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi (HOTS) muatan IPA siswa kelas V Disekolah Dasar. BIOCHEPHY: Journal of Science Education, 3(1), 83-88.

https://doi.org/10.52562/biochephy.v3i1.776

Sari, S. P., Siregar, E. F. S., & Lubis, B. S. (2021). Pengembangan blended learning berbasis model flipped learning untuk meningkatkan 6C For HOTS mahasiswa PGSD UMSU. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(5), 3460-3471. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i5.1334.

Sari, Y., Cahyaningtyas, A. P., Maharani, M. M., Yustiana, S., & Kusumadewi, R. F. (2019). Meningkatkan kemampuan menyusun soal IPA berorientasi HOTS bagi guru Sekolah Dasar Gugus Pandanaran Dabin IV UPTD Semarang Tengah. Indonesian Journal of Community Services, 1(2), 175-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ijocs.1.2.175-183.

Sidiq, Y., Ishartono, N., Desstya, A., Prayitno, H. J., Anif, S., & Hidayat, M. L. (2021). Improving elementary school students’ critical thinking skill in science through hots-based science questions: A quasi-experimental study. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 10(3), 378-386. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v10i3.30891

Siswono, T. Y. E., & Rahaju, E. B. (2018). Development of Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Problems on Mathematic are Based on That Quiz Apllication. In MISEIC 2018.

Sujadi, I., Budiyono, B., Kurniawati, I., Wulandari, A. N., & Andriatna, R. (2021). Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Guru Matematika Kota Surakarta dalam Menyusun Soal PISA-like. Publ. Pendidik, 11(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.26858/publikan.v11i2.16356

Susanto, N. C. P., Hartati, S. J., & Standsyah, R. E. (2023). Systematic literature review: Application of dynamic geometry software to improve mathematical problem-solving skills. Mathline: Jurnal Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika, 8(3), 857-872. http://doi.org/10.31943/mathline.v8i3.458.

Untari, E., Rohmah, N., & Lestari, D. W. (2018). Model pembelajaran problem based learning (PBL) sebagai pembiasaan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi (HOTS) dalam pembelajaran IPA di sekolah dasar. Prosiding SNPS (Seminar Nasional Pendidikan IPA), 135-142.

Usodo, B. (2024). Feasibility of a Problem-Based Social Constructivism Learning Model to Improve Higher-Order Thinking Skills among Primary School Students. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 11(3), 588-596. https://doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v11i3.592.

Utami, Y., & Andriani, A. (2023). Analysis of Students' Difficulties in Solving Mathematics Problems Based on High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Based on Polya Heuristic Stages at SMP Negeri 15 Medan. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1), 191-206. https://10.55927/fjmr.v2i1.2348

Walidin, W., Saifullah, T., & Tabrani, T. (2015). Metode penelitian kualitatif dan grounded theory.

Widodo, A., Afandi, Z., Suratman, S., Nursalim, N., Andyastuti, E., & Septiana, S. (2023). Meningkatkan Ketrampilan Berfikir Tingkat Tinggi (HOTS) Dan Keterlibatan Mahasiswa Dalam Proses Pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila. Jurnal Civic Hukum, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.22219/jch.v8i1.24390.

Wijaya, S., Sarifah, I., & Nurjannah, N. (2023). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Literasi Matematika dengan Menggunakan Pembelajaran Hybrid di Sekolah Dasar. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 8(1), 4020-4033. https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v8i1.7037.

Analyzing students' mathematical conceptual understanding of functions in senior high school

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